By the goods its value estimated in money, or the sum of money for which it will exchange intends

By the goods its value estimated in money, or the sum of money for which it will exchange intends. Replaceable value of consumer goods depends in any given period partially on the expense of manufacture and partially on the supply and demand relation. The prices are mentioned by creation of monopolies, opening of the new markets, difficulty of usual channels of commercial relations, and expectation of these and other reasons. It is business of the dealer to acquaint itself with each circumstance mentioning the prices of the goods in which it deals.

Dealers sell very many of their notes in the open market that is, to note brokers

Dealers sell very many of their notes in the open market that is, to note brokers. Banks buy these notes from brokers of the note. The help of the broker which addresses with the bill, is the necessary and valuable help to purchasing bank. Completely three quarters of all paper bought by banks in the big cities, are bought under the simple recommendation of brokers of the note. As a rule these brokers simply transfer a paper, not guaranteeing its payment. The notes bought by banks from brokers of the note without them as it is considered, as, they guarantee, will be as it should be in all points except that which covers a question of, whether will pay it or not. The bank uses the best judgement in risking. If the dealer of the note on sale of notes to bank does to what he trusts to be fair and fair representations concerning any specific paper statements of such direct type, that on them no charge of false excuses can be made to have a rest - it simply guarantees the note, original concerning names, date, quantity, etc., and that on sale of it it transfers the good name to a paper. As business men, however, they are very cautious and extremely worry, that a paper which they sell, should be paid, and as a rule they do good any losses which grow from obvious distortions on their part.
NORMS OF BANKERS FOR LOANS

Many of banks have blank forms which they ask, from time to time that borrowers have filled

Many of banks have blank forms which they ask, from time to time that borrowers have filled. These statements show in detail an active and a firm passive in [50] question; they show notes which are outstanding, on real estate, and many other detailed data, including the personnel or the person
The credit of members of firm, if association.

As a rule to the private corporations organised according to laws of one state, allow to be engaged

As a rule to the private corporations organised according to laws of one state, allow to be engaged in commerce in other states. It is rather frequent to benefit of the company to organise according to laws of one state for the purpose of trade conducting in other. For example, there are many companies diplomaed according to laws [53] Maine with a staff in Boston. Laws of Massachusetts demand, that during the big proportion of the capital have actually paid
The organisation while the law of Maine does not have such condition. For the similar reasons many the big companies which are engaged in commerce in New York or Philadelphia, are organised according to laws of New Jersey.

Preference shares

Preference shares. Preference shares - a stock to which guarantee certain advantages before a usual stock. It is usually given to provide some obligation of the company, and on it, dividends are declared in preference to usual actions. That is, if the person holds the action of preference shares it will receive interest after that [45] of profit in business before such profit will be given in the form of dividends to shareholders in general. Preference shares can be
Let out only when it is authorised by company charter-party. Interest on investments in case of preference shares is more assured, but safety is no more safe than in case of usual actions.

[11] Part of a question of this lesson already has appeared partially I

[11] Part of a question of this lesson already has appeared partially I. From this book ('the General Business Information'), but it
Here repeated to keep communication.
IDENTIFICATION WHEN CHECKS ARE PAID

When France will be in comparison with other countries concerning commercial development and

When France will be in comparison with other countries concerning commercial development and advancement, results will be in almost each specific turn, adverse to France. For example, since end of Napoleonic wars eighty three years ago, which national trade of the Great Britain while that from France only has trebled. In end ex German war France made eighteen percent. In front of Germany in the power of carrying over of its shipment. Now Germany of seventy [97] percent. In front of France in this respect. But it needs to be remembered, that ex German war cost France in army
Expenses and in indemnification the sum than 3,250,000,000$ is not less. The effect of those huge expenses on nation prosperity can be estimated in one comparison. Since that war annual average savings in the inhabitant in France have made 17$. During the same period annual average savings in the inhabitant in the Great Britain have made 19.50$. That war has not occurred, average annual savings in the inhabitant in France will make 21.50$. To put it briefly, no people in Europe are comparable to working classes of the French people in thrift and development, and because of this feature if France well operated its prosperity would be equal to that from any country in the world, and it will be so in spite of the fact that the account of interest of France imposes the tax 6.50$ in a year on each inhabitant of the country.
Street scene in Paris, showing to Stock exchange.
[98]
IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE IN FRANCE

Area of Canada the huge

Area of Canada the huge. It reaches 3 456 383 square miles which makes almost 500 000 square miles more than full area of the United States, exclusive of Alaska, and is not far were equal to area of all Europe. But almost 150 000 square miles of this area are lifted by lakes and the rivers; and much more the most part than it, under present conditions of a civilisation, is absolutely unfit for human habitation, being or too cold or too fruitless. Nevertheless, when all necessary grants have been made there, still remains in Canada huge area with soil, enough fertile and a climate which is favorable enough in all purposes of very civilised population. More than 900 000 square miles are already occupied, and the occupied area completely one half has been improved'. The senior areas, an acre for an acre so approaching for agricultural prosecution as the adjacent states of the Union. Manitoba, 'Prairie Area,' are almost one extensive area of wheat, with productivity for wheat incomparable somewhere except in a valley Red River of Minnesota and Dakota. Grain of Manitoba collects foots to 50 000 000 . British Columbia - the earth of almost infinite possibilities, not only because of its resources of a mineral and wood, but also and because of its abilities to agriculture and gardening. Territories - so extensive area, that their any general description is not possible, but it is possible to tell, that the big valley of wheat Saskatchewan, the protected country Alberts, and the big plains of wheat of a valley Peace River in , is the areas adapted in soil and a climate to sustain hardy and vigorous people. The population of Canada is rather small. It is estimated in 5 250 000. More than 1 000 000 persons of the Canadian birth live in the Incorporated [189] states, and number of the Americans living in Canada, is only 80 000.
From 2 425 000 persons who have arrived to Canada as immigrants in forty years, not less than 1 310 000, or fifty four percent., has arrived to the United States. It is declared, that this mass flight has stopped, and that if any big movement of the population exists now, it to Canada.
WOOD RICHES OF CANADA

The project - the formal requirement of payment of money

The project - the formal requirement of payment of money. Your banker"s check - your project of a kind on your bank. It so is not declared, but it is so understood. The check differs from the usual commercial project, both in its formulation and in its purpose. The bank is obliged to pay your check, if it considers your funds sufficient to meet it while the person on whom will delay your project, can or, probably, does not observe it in its pleasure. The check is used to pay money to the creditor while the project is used as means of collecting of money from the debtor.

[49]

To make responsibility indorser absolute, it is necessary to demand payment in the specified place last day the period during which the note has been given, and should give the notice on non-payment to indorser
[49]
To make responsibility indorser absolute, it is necessary to demand payment in the specified place last day the period during which the note has been given, and should give the notice on non-payment to indorser. As, as the contract demands, that the manufacturer has paid in a maturity, indorser can assume, if it has not received the notice on the contrary, that the manufacturer has paid the obligation.

We often see the small miss enclosed till the end of the project with words: 'Any protest; tear

We often see the small miss enclosed till the end of the project with words: 'Any protest; tear off it before objection.' It is simply private council to the banker informing to it, that the box does not wish to object the project. Can happen so, that he does not wish to injustice either damages the credit or adds to the expense of its debtor; or can happen so, that he considers the account doubtful and does not wish to add cost of payments of the protest to its own loss.

When the railway company, either a city or any other corporation wish to borrow money, it is usual

When the railway company, either a city or any other corporation wish to borrow money, it is usual practice to let out tools of the credit named bonds. The obligation means something, that connects. Bonds have the same relation to resources of corporation by which do to real estate.

The second illustration shows, how the holder of the specific letter took its advantages

The second illustration shows, how the holder of the specific letter took its advantages. It gives names of banks to which it has presented the letter, and the quantity paid each.

The similar explanation should be given the fact, that London - the great financial centre of the

The similar explanation should be given the fact, that London - the great financial centre of the world. The same policy who has made the Great Britain the big trading country, also has made its big industrial country. Food products of all world pour in on its coast, and the Great Britain became a cheap place to live century Its handicraftsmen are supplied by the best food which the world can make, and it under the prices which are actually, that the British requirement does by them to be. The British handicraftsman therefore and well eats and cheaply eats. As consequence of it British manufacturing are made more effectively and more cheaply than that of the majority of other nations, and they therefore are exported extremely to each quarter of globe. London, from its availability concerning the great industrial centres of the house, and from its commercial relations and services for trade abroad, is great centre value of distribution of this huge manufacturing. The London exporters have accounts on the goods sold by all of them all over the world. Is, [76] therefore, any quarter of the world where
Money not constantly owing to London; or, if not to London, to Manchester, Birmingham, Sheffield, Leeds, Glasgow, or to some other industrial centre in close financial contact to London. In it then, there is an explanation of the financial superiority of London. Irrespective of that the quarter of world money should any place, final mission of that money - London; as the site to which owe money if it not to be London will be found in almost all cases, that, will be independent the debtor to London. London, therefore, from requirement and as the custom and convenience, became the big clearing house of the world. Final regulators of debts of all commercial centres of the world are made there.
The London bridge.
[77]
THE GREAT BRITAIN THE NATION OF THE CREDITOR OF THE WORLD

Montreal (250 000) is commercial capital of Canada

Montreal (250 000) is commercial capital of Canada. It is located on island in -Lawrence River, and though 1000 miles from open ocean, the greatest seaworthy vessels reach its moorings with ease. It is a staff of two big railways of Canada - [193] Canadian Pacific system, with
It of 8000 miles of road, and Great system of the Trunk, from it of 5000 miles of road. Through passenger trains which operate from Montreal to Vancouver at Pacific coast, distance almost 3000 miles. Montreal - the centre also the big system of river navigation of Canada.